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First Aid Merit Badge

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SAM SplintHere is a list of excellent questions for Scoutmasters teaching First Aid to their scouts.  The First Aid merit badge is crucial for any scout to have.  Not only is it required for and Eagle award it could save lives.

You remind your Boy Scout that the first thing they should be concerned about as they prepare to treat any type of burn victim is __________ 

  1. applying cool water to the burn
  2. covering the burn with a dressing
  3. stopping the burning process 
  4. treating for shock

You’re treating a Scout that you suspect may have internal bleeding. You should do all of the following except: 

  1. Refrain from giving the victim anything to eat or drink.
  2. Treat for shock.
  3. Get the victim to walk while keeping her as alert as possible.
  4. Keep the victim lying down and covered.

During your First Aid Merit Badge class, one of the Scouts is confused about the difference between a bandage and a dressing. Your answer is that a protective cover placed over a wound is described as a ___________. 

  1. wrapping
  2. bandage
  3. tourniquet
  4. dressing

You’re at the scene of a accident, and someone is available to assist you in moving a victim. The victim is conscious, and you have a significant distance to cover. What is the preferred carry method for this situation? 

  1. Two-hand seat carry
  2. Four-hand seat carry
  3. Fore-and-aft carry 
  4. Fireman’s carry

You’re preparing to move an injured Scout to the medical facility. Which of the following does not need to be conducted before you begin the move? 

  1. Check the casualty’s airway.
  2. Evaluate the type and extent of the injury.
  3. Secure a litter to move the victim.
  4. Immobilize and support any injured bones.

As you discuss heat emergencies with the Boy Scouts, you ask him the following question: “Dehydration and heat exhaustion share which of the following signs/symptoms?”

  1. Altered mental status 
  2. No sweating 
  3. Hot body temperature
  4. Dizziness and dry mouth 

You and your Scout Troop are preparing for summer camp. As you deal with the stress of getting ready and your personal life, you realize there is such a thing as “good stress.” Which of the following is a positive aspect of stress? 

  1. It prevents you from thinking things through clearly.
  2. It makes troop members less cohesive.
  3. It keeps you alert and prepared for action.
  4. It impairs your overall function.

During First Aid Merit Badge class, you ask a Scout, “What is an object applied and secured to an injured limb in a manner that will keep a broken bone from moving?” he answers correctly, “___________.” 

  1. Tourniquet
  2. Bandage
  3. Litter
  4. Splint

A Scout has been injured, and you suspect there may be a neck injury. The injuries are not life-threatening, the scene is safe, and help is on the way. You should not______. 

  1. reassure the victim
  2. treat for shock
  3. give the victim water or food
  4. reposition or move the victim

Your troop is scheduled to receive training on the SAM Splint. Which statement describing the SAM Splint is incorrect?  

  1. You only need to apply one swathe when the chest is used as a rigid object.
  2. You can use a victim’s shirt or jacket or strips of torn material as a sling.
  3. Normally, you will need a single swathe to help immobilize the arm after splinting the fractured forearm and applying the sling.
  4. The SAM Splint is located in the First Aid Kit.

A burn is an injury that results from a heat source. The heat source may be_______. 

  1. thermal, electrical, chemical, or biological
  2. thermal, biological, chemical, or radiation
  3. thermal, electrical, chemical, or radiation 
  4. biological, electrical, chemical, or radiation

One of your Scouts severely sprained his ankle while completing an orienteering course. Since you have a long distance to transport the victim, you select a litter because______.

  1. you’re less likely to injure the victim further
  2. you’re less likely to aggravate the victim’s existing injuries
  3. it’s a tactically secure method
  4. you’re less likely to aggravate existing injuries and injure the victim further 

You’ve decided to perform the jaw-thrust technique on the victim of a car accident, because you want to maintain an open airway, while minimizing movement for suspected head/neck/spinal injury. You mentally remind yourself to _______________. 

  1. rest your elbows on the same surface on which the patient is lying 
  2. use the nasopharyngeal airway 
  3. take a position at the right side of the victim
  4. keep the patient’s legs aligned

You suspect one of your Scouts may be suffering from heat exhaustion. Which sign/symptom would lead you to this diagnosis? 

  1. He has lost consciousness.
  2. His skin is hot and dry, but not sweating.
  3. His skin is hot to the touch. 
  4. He is complaining of muscle cramps.

A Scout has been injured in a accident. As you prepare to treat him for shock, you realize the most important step is to _____. 

  1. control any bleeding
  2. elevate his lower extremities
  3. keep him breathing 
  4. keep him warm

During a class about burn treatment, a Scout relates a story about using butter to cool a burn. How should you respond?

  1. Butter, grease, or oil will not normally be available for treatment.
  2. It’s OK to use butter, grease, or oil, but only for one application.
  3. Butter, grease, or oil will retain heat.
  4. Only trained medical personnel can apply butter, grease, or oil to a burn.

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Boy Scout First Aid | Snake Bites and Treatment

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Snakebites
The chance of a snakebite in a survival situation is rather small, if you are familiar with the various types of snakes and their habitats. However, it could happen and you should know how to treat a snakebite. Deaths from snakebites are rare. More than one-half of the snakebite victims have little or no poisoning, and only about one-quarter develop serious systemic poisoning. However, the chance of a snakebite in a survival situation can affect morale, and failure to take preventive measures or failure to treat a snakebite properly can result in needless tragedy.

The primary concern in the treatment of snakebite is to limit the amount of eventual tissue destruction around the bite area. A bite wound, regardless of the type of animal that inflicted it, can become infected from bacteria in the animal’s mouth. With nonpoisonous as well as poisonous snakebites, this local infection is responsible for a large part of the residual damage that results. Snake venoms not only contain poisons that attack the victim’s central nervous system (neurotoxins) and blood circulation (hemotoxins), but also digestive enzymes (cytotoxins) to aid in digesting their prey. These poisons can cause a very large area of tissue death, leaving a large open wound. This condition could lead to the need for eventual amputation if not treated.

Shock and panic in a person bitten by a snake can also affect the person’s recovery. Excitement, hysteria, and panic can speed up the circulation, causing the body to absorb the toxin quickly. Signs of shock occur within the first 30 minutes after the bite. Before you start treating a snakebite, determine whether the snake was poisonous or nonpoisonous. Bites from a nonpoisonous snake will show rows of teeth. Bites from a poisonous snake may have rows of teeth showing, but will have one or more distinctive puncture marks caused by fang penetration. Symptoms of a poisonous bite may be spontaneous bleeding from the nose and anus, blood in the urine, pain at the site of the bite, and swelling at the site of the bite within a few minutes or up to 2 hours later.

Breathing difficulty, paralysis, weakness, twitching, and numbness are also signs of neurotoxic venoms. These signs usually appear 1.5 to 2 hours after the bite.

If you determine that a poisonous snake bit an individual, take the following steps:

  • Reassure the victim and keep him still.
  • Set up for shock and force fluids or give an intravenous (IV).
  • Remove watches, rings, bracelets, or other constricting items.
  • Clean the bite area.
  • Maintain an airway (especially if bitten near the face or neck) and be prepared to administer mouth-to-mouth resuscitation or CPR.
  • Use a constricting band between the wound and the heart.
  • Immobilize the site.
  • Remove the poison as soon as possible by using a mechanical suction device or by squeezing.

Do not–

  • Give the victim alcoholic beverages or tobacco products.
  • Give morphine or other central nervous system (CNS) depressors.
  • Make any deep cuts at the bite site. Cutting opens capillaries that in turn open a direct route into the blood stream for venom and infection.

Note: If medical treatment is over one hour away, make an incision (no longer than 6 millimeters and no deeper than 3 millimeter) over each puncture, cutting just deep enough to enlarge the fang opening, but only through the first or second layer of skin. Place a suction cup over the bite so that you have a good vacuum seal. Suction the bite site 3 to 4 times.  Use mouth suction only as a last resort and only if you do not have open sores in your mouth. Spit the envenomed blood out and rinse your mouth with water. This method will draw out 25 to 30 percent of the venom. Put your hands on your face or rub your eyes, as venom may be on your hands. Venom may cause blindness. Break open the large blisters that form around the bite site.

After caring for the victim as described above, take the following actions to minimize local effects:

  • If infection appears, keep the wound open and clean.
  • Use heat after 24 to 48 hours to help prevent the spread of local infection. Heat also helps to draw out an infection.
  • Keep the wound covered with a dry, sterile dressing.
  • Have the victim drink large amounts of fluids until the infection is gone.

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Brown Reclouse, Black Widow Spider Bites and Scorpion Stings Treatment | Boy Scout First Aid

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Spider Bites and Scorpion Stings
The black widow spider is identified by a red hourglass on its abdomen. Only the female bites, and it has a neurotoxic venom. The initial pain is not severe, but severe local pain rapidly develops. The pain gradually spreads over the entire body and settles in the abdomen and legs. Abdominal cramps and progressive nausea, vomiting, and a rash may occur. Weakness, tremors, sweating, and salivation may occur. Anaphylactic reactions can occur. Symptoms begin to regress after several hours and are usually gone in a few days. Threat for shock. Be ready to perform CPR. Clean and dress the bite area to reduce
the risk of infection. An antivenin is available.

The funnelweb spider is a large brown or gray spider found in Australia. The symptoms and the treatment for its bite are as for the black widow spider.

The brown house spider or brown recluse spider is a small, light brown spider identified by a dark brown violin on its back. There is no pain, or so little pain, that usually a victim is not aware of the bite. Within a few hours a painful red area with a mottled cyanotic center appears. Necrosis does not occur in all bites, but usually in 3 to 4 days, a starshaped, firm area of deep purple discoloration appears at the bite site. The area turns dark and mummified in a week or two. The margins separate and the scab falls off, leaving an open ulcer. Secondary infection and regional swollen lymph glands usually become visible at this stage. The outstanding characteristic of the brown recluse bite is an ulcer that does not heal but persists for weeks or months. In addition to the ulcer, there is often a systemic reaction that is serious and may lead to death. Reactions (fever, chills, joint pain, vomiting, and a generalized rash) occur chiefly in children or debilitated persons.

Tarantulas are large, hairy spiders found mainly in the tropics. Most do not inject venom, but some South American species do. They have large fangs. If bitten, pain and bleeding are certain, and infection is likely. Treat a tarantula bite as for any open wound, and try to prevent infection. If symptoms of poisoning appear, treat as for the bite of the black widow spider.

Scorpions are all poisonous to a greater or lesser degree. There are two different reactions, depending on the species:

  • Severe local reaction only, with pain and swelling around the area of the sting.
  • Possible prickly sensation around the mouth and a thick-feeling tongue.
  • Severe systemic reaction, with little or no visible local reaction. Local pain may be present. Systemic reaction includes respiratory difficulties, thick-feeling tongue, body spasms, drooling, gastric distention, double vision, blindness, involuntary rapid movement of the eyeballs, involuntary urination and defecation, and heart failure. Death is rare, occurring mainly in children and adults with high blood pressure or illnesses. 

Treat scorpion stings as you would a black widow bite.

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ScoutChief.com | Boy Scouts Bee and Wasp Stings

Bee and Wasp Stings
If stung by a bee, immediately remove the stinger and venom sac, if attached, by scraping with a fingernail or a knife blade. Do not squeeze or grasp the stinger or venom sac, as squeezing will force more venom into the wound. Wash the sting site thoroughly with soap and water to lessen the chance of a secondary infection. If you know or suspect that you are allergic to insect stings, always carry an insect sting kit with you.

Relieve the itching and discomfort caused by insect bites by applying–
Cold compresses.
A cooling paste of mud and ashes.
Sap from dandelions.
Coconut meat.
Crushed cloves of garlic.
Onion.

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Boy Scouts | Bites and Stings Guide

BITES AND STINGS

Insects and related pests are hazards in a survival situation. They not only cause irritations, but they are often carriers of diseases that cause severe allergic reactions in some individuals. In many parts of the world you will be exposed to serious, even fatal, diseases not encountered in the United States.

Ticks can carry and transmit diseases, such as Rocky Mountain spotted fever common in many parts of the United States. Ticks also transmit the Lyme disease.

Mosquitoes may carry malaria, dengue, and many other diseases. Flies can spread disease from contact with infectious sources. They are causes of sleeping sickness, typhoid, cholera, and dysentery.

Fleas can transmit plague.

Lice can transmit typhus and relapsing fever.

The best way to avoid the complications of insect bites and stings is to keep immunizations (including booster shots) up-to-date, avoid insect-infested areas, use netting and insect repellent, and wear all clothing properly. If you get bitten or stung, do not scratch the bite or sting, it might become infected. Inspect your body at least once a day to ensure there are no insects attached to you. If you find ticks attached to your body, cover them with a substance, such as Vaseline, heavy oil, or tree sap, that will cut off their air supply. Without air, the tick releases its hold, and you can remove it. Take care to remove the whole tick. Use tweezers if you have them. Grasp the tick where the mouth parts are attached to the skin. Do not squeeze the tick’s body. Wash your hands after touching the tick. Clean the tick wound daily until healed.

Treatment

It is impossible to list the treatment of all the different types of bites and stings. Treat bites and stings as follows:

  • If antibiotics are available for your use, become familiar with them before deployment and use them.
  • Predeployment immunizations can prevent most of the common diseases carried by mosquitoes and some carried by flies.
  • The common fly-borne diseases are usually treatable with penicillins orerythromycin.
  • Most tick-, flea-, louse-, and mite-borne diseases are treatable with tetracycline.
  • Most antibiotics come in 250 milligram (mg) or 500 mg tablets. If you cannot remember the exact dose rate to treat a disease, 2 tablets, 4 times a day for 10 to 14 days will usually kill any bacteria.

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Common Camp Injuries

Skin Diseases and Ailments
Although boils, fungal infections, and rashes rarely develop into a serious health problem, they cause
discomfort and you should treat them.
Boils

Apply warm compresses to bring the boil to a head. Then open the boil using a sterile knife, wire, needle,
or similar item. Thoroughly clean out the pus using soap and water. Cover the boil site, checking it
periodically to ensure no further infection develops.

Fungal Infections
Keep the skin clean and dry, and expose the infected area to as much sunlight as possible. Do not scratch
the affected area. During the Southeast Asian conflict, soldiers used antifungal powders, lye soap,
chlorine bleach, alcohol, vinegar, concentrated salt water, and iodine to treat fungal infections with
varying degrees of success. As with any “unorthodox” method of treatment, use it with caution.

Rashes
To treat a skin rash effectively, first determine what is causing it. This determination may be difficult
even in the best of situations. Observe the following rules to treat rashes:
l If it is moist, keep it dry.
l If it is dry, keep it moist.
l Do not scratch it.

Use a compress of vinegar or tannic acid derived from tea or from boiling acorns or the bark of a
hardwood tree to dry weeping rashes. Keep dry rashes moist by rubbing a small amount of rendered
animal fat or grease on the affected area.
Remember, treat rashes as open wounds and clean and dress them daily. There are many substances
available to survivors in the wild or in captivity for use as antiseptics to treat wound:
Iodine tablets. Use 5 to 15 tablets in a liter of water to produce a good rinse for wounds during
healing.
l
l Garlic. Rub it on a wound or boil it to extract the oils and use the water to rinse the affected area.
l Salt water. Use 2 to 3 tablespoons per liter of water to kill bacteria.
l Bee honey. Use it straight or dissolved in water.
Sphagnum moss. Found in boggy areas worldwide, it is a natural source of iodine. Use as a
dressing.
l
Again, use noncommercially prepared materials with caution.

Frostbite
This injury results from frozen tissues. Light frostbite involves only the skin that takes on a dull, whitish
pallor. Deep frostbite extends to a depth below the skin. The tissues become solid and immovable. Your
feet, hands, and exposed facial areas are particularly vulnerable to frostbite.
When with others, prevent frostbite by using the buddy system. Check your buddy’s face often and make
sure that he checks yours. If you are alone, periodically cover your nose and lower part of your face with
your mittens.
Do not try to thaw the affected areas by placing them close to an open flame. Gently rub them in
lukewarm water. Dry the part and place it next to your skin to warm it at body temperature.

Trench Foot
This condition results from many hours or days of exposure to wet or damp conditions at a temperature
just above freezing. The nerves and muscles sustain the main damage, but gangrene can occur. In
extreme cases the flesh dies and it may become necessary to have the foot or leg amputated. The best
prevention is to keep your feet dry. Carry extra socks with you in a waterproof packet. Dry wet socks
against your body. Wash your feet daily and put on dry socks.

Burns
The following field treatment for burns relieves the pain somewhat, seems to help speed healing, and
offers some protection against infection:
First, stop the burning process. Put out the fire by removing clothing, dousing with water or sand,
or by rolling on the ground. Cool the burning skin with ice or water. For burns caused by white
phosphorous, pick out the white phosphorous with tweezers; do not douse with water.
l
Soak dressings or clean rags for 10 minutes in a boiling tannic acid solution (obtained from tea,
inner bark of hardwood trees, or acorns boiled in water).
l
l Cool the dressings or clean rags and apply over burns.
l Treat as an open wound.
l Replace fluid loss.
l Maintain airway.
l Treat for shock.
l Consider using morphine, unless the burns are near the face.

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